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{| border=1;
 +
! <center>Time</center>
 +
!<center>Narration</center>
  
 +
|-
 +
| 00:01
 +
| Welcome to this '''spoken tutorial''' on '''Mathematical Typesetting''' in '''LaTeX'''.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 00:06
 +
|My name is Kannan Moudgalya.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 00:08
 +
| A reminder: we should call it LaTeX and not latex.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 00:15
 +
| In this tutorial, we will learn how to create mathematical symbols in '''LaTeX'''.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 00:20
 +
| In particular, How to get into and leave from the mathematical mode. The role of spaces and creating them
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 00:29
 +
| Mathematical symbols
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 00:31
 +
|  Finally, '''A M S math package''' and its use in creating '''matrices'''
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 00:37
 +
| I am creating this tutorial on our less than 10,000 Rupee laptop.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 00:43
 +
|I am using '''Ubuntu, TeXworks''', and '''LaTeX.'''
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 00:47
 +
| The prerequisites are the following. Basic spoken tutorials on '''LaTeX.'''
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 00:53
 +
|  Exposure to the '''side-by-side '''tutorial.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 00:56
 +
| All are available from our website.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 01:00
 +
| I shall use the file '''maths.tex'''
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 01:04
 +
|It is available as a code file, in our web page, where you found this tutorial
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 01:11
 +
|In the same location, you will find this '''pdf''' file from the '''TeX user group, India'''
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 01:17
 +
| We shall use it when we do assignments
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 01:20
 +
| Let me go to the '''‘TeXworks’''' window.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 01:24
 +
| I have already opened the file '''maths.tex'''.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 01:27
 +
|Please download this file and practise along with me.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 01:32
 +
| We have already seen the commands that are at the top of this file.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 01:36
 +
|This command removes the paragraph indent.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 01:42
 +
|We will study the effect of this statement through an assignment.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 01:47
 +
|Let us start with Greek symbols that are used in mathematics.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 01:52
 +
| We use '''dollar''' sign to get into mathematical mode in '''LaTeX'''.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 01:57
 +
| Let us begin with '''alpha''' We write ''' dollar back slash alpha dollar'''.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 02:06
 +
| Let us compile and see that we get the Greek letter '''alpha''' in the '''pdf'''.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 02:15
 +
|The first dollar says that we are getting into the mathematical mode.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|02:20
 +
|The second dollar says that we are leaving this mode.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 02:24
 +
| From now on, I will not explicitly mention dollar or the back slash.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|02:30
 +
|But you have to do exactly what you see on the screen.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 02:34
 +
| Similarly we write '''beta, gamma,''' and '''delta'''. Let us compile
 +
 +
|-
 +
|02:50
 +
|I did not save the '''tex''' file, as '''TeXworks''' does it automatically.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 02:56
 +
| Let us delete these.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 03:00
 +
| We will next take up the concept of spaces in mathematical expressions.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|03:05
 +
|How do we generate '''alpha a'''? That is, the product of '''alpha''' and '''a'''
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 03:12
 +
|  Let us try '''alpha a'''.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 03:17
 +
|Let me compile.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|03:21
 +
|'''LaTeX''' complains that '''alpha''' a is an undefined control sequence.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|03:27
 +
|It says that it does not understand this command. Let me close this.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|03:34
 +
|'''LaTeX''' handles this through a '''space''' after every command.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|03:39
 +
|Let us leave a '''space''' after '''alpha'''.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|03:44
 +
|Let us abort the compilation. Lets recompile this has solved the problem.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|03:52
 +
|As it is used to terminate a command, the '''space''' does not appear in '''pdf'''.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 03:57
 +
| What do we do if we WANT to introduce '''spaces''' in the output?
 +
 +
|-
 +
|04:03
 +
|We have to explicitly tell '''LaTeX''', as we do now.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|04:07
 +
|Let us ask '''LaTeX''' to start a new line.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|04:11
 +
|Let us write '''alpha backslash space a'''.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 04:17
 +
|Compile it.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|04:20
 +
|This has created a '''space'''.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 04:23
 +
|If you want more '''space''', use '''quad''', as we do now
 +
 +
|-
 +
|04:31
 +
|Compile it.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|04:34
 +
|You can see that '''quad''' has left a large '''space'''.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 04:40
 +
| We will now move to another topic.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|04:43
 +
| Let us delete the last two lines. Let’s compile.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|04:50
 +
|What happens to the font when we go from the text to the mathematical mode?
 +
 +
|-
 +
|04:56
 +
|To understand this, let us write '''“Product of $\alpha and a is”'''
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 05:04
 +
| Compile.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|05:07
 +
| You can see that the font of these two '''a''''s are different.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 05:14
 +
| This is solved by writing this ''''a'''' also inside '''dollar''' signs
 +
 +
|-
 +
|05:25
 +
|Make Compile.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 05:27
 +
| Now the fonts of these of two '''a'''’s are identical.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|05:32
 +
|Not keeping the font of variables identical is a common mistake.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 05:37
 +
| Let’s get rid of these.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|05:40
 +
|Let’s compile.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 05:43
 +
| Let us now discuss a rule for creating '''minus''' signs.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|05:48
 +
|Suppose that we want to create '''minus alpha''' and compile
 +
 +
|-
 +
|05:58
 +
|Let’s compile.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|06:01
 +
|Notice that the minus sign appears as a small dash here.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 06:07
 +
| Let us also copy, with the '''minus''' sign inside the '''dollar''' sign.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|06:15
 +
|Let us compile again.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 06:18
 +
| See the difference in the '''minus''' sign now. The second one is what we need, the dash is not to be used.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|06:27
 +
|Not putting the '''minus''' sign within '''dollars''' is a common mistake made by beginners.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 06:33
 +
| Let us delete all of these.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 06:36
 +
| Next we would like to explain the ''''frac'''' command that is used to create fractions.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 06:43
 +
| frac a b. Lets compile
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 06:50
 +
|It generates ''''a by b'''' the command ''''frac'''' is terminated by a '''space''' it looks for two '''arguments'''.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|07:00
 +
|The first character ''''a'''' is taken as the first '''argument''' It becomes the numerator
 +
 +
|-
 +
|07:07
 +
|The second character ''''b'''' is taken as the second '''argument''' it becomes the denominator.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|07:13
 +
|Notice that the size of '''a''' and '''b''' gets reduced automatically.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|07:20
 +
|What do we do if we have longer characters?
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 07:24
 +
| What if we want to create '''ab''' by '''cd''' i want you to try this.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 07:31
 +
| In '''LaTeX''', the '''arguments''' longer than one character are enclosed by braces.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|07:37
 +
|For example, let us put braces here.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|07:41
 +
|When we compile this, we get the desired output.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|07:47
 +
|All the entries within the braces are taken as a single '''argument'''.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|07:52
 +
|As a result, one can enter any complicated expression within braces. Let us delete all of these.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 08:01
 +
| Now we will look at subscripts and superscripts.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 08:05
 +
|''''x' underscore 'a'''' creates ''''x sub a''''.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 08:14
 +
| The size of ''''a'''' gets automatically reduced to an appropriate level.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 08:19
 +
|What if we want to put '''ab''' as the subscript? you have to use braces. Try it yourself.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 08:28
 +
| Superscripts are created by the '''caret''' or the '''up arrow''' symbol.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 08:33
 +
|For example, if you want to create ''''x'''' to the power 3, you will write: '''x up arrow 3'''.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 08:43
 +
| We can also put subscripts and superscripts simultaneously.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 08:48
 +
|Let us put '''x sub a superscript b''' let’s compile.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 08:58
 +
|Once again, using braces, we can produce complicated subscripts and superscripts. Let me delete this.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 09:08
 +
| Alright, next we will move onto '''Matrices'''.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 09:12
 +
|The package '''a m s math''' has some '''matrix''' definitions that I like
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 09:19
 +
| Let us include it through the '''usepackage''' command.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 09:26
 +
| The '''ampersand''', that is the ''''and'''' symbol, is used to separate the columns
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 09:31
 +
|  Let us create a matrix now.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 09:34
 +
|We write '''begin matrix''' '''a''' and '''b''', '''end matrix''' don’t forget the '''dollar''' signs.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 09:44
 +
| Compile and see the matrix, as expected.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 09:49
 +
|Now suppose, we want to add a second row to this, we put two '''back slashes''', meaning, go to the next line.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 09:59
 +
|Suppose that we want three entries in the second row, say, '''c, d, e'''. Compile it and see the second row also included now.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 10:11
 +
|Supposing we change matrix to '''pmatrix''', at begin and end.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 10:17
 +
|Compile and get this.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 10:21
 +
|It is now time for you to start exploring.  Let us go to the slides now.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 10:28
 +
| Let us summarise what we learnt in this tutorial
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 10:31
 +
| Entering and leaving the mathematical mode. Using spaces and creating them
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 10:37
 +
|Fractions, subscripts and superscripts. Defining an argument with in braces
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 10:44
 +
| '''amsmath''' package to create matrices
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 10:48
 +
| Let me give some assignments.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 10:51
 +
| This assignment is on '''spaces''' - large and small, please pause the video, read the slide and do the assignment.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 11:01
 +
| This assignment is on fractions using braces
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 11:06
 +
| This assignment is on subscripts and superscripts.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 11:11
 +
| Through this assignment, we shall learn a few more methods to create matrices.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 11:17
 +
| This assignment is on creating more mathematical symbols
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 11:21
 +
| This is based on the '''TUG India LaTeX''' guide. Let us see that document now.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 11:29
 +
|I already asked you to download this document from our web page.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 11:34
 +
|You will reproduce some symbols given in this document.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 11:39
 +
| You will try out more symbols through in the next assignment.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 11:43
 +
| This assignment is also based on the '''TUG India''' document.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 11:48
 +
| You will experiment with the paragraph indent in this assignment.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 11:53
 +
| This brings us to the end of this tutorial.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 11:56
 +
| This video summarises the '''Spoken Tutorial''' project.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 12:00
 +
|If you do not have good bandwidth, you may download and watch it.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 12:04
 +
| We conduct workshops using '''Spoken Tutorials.''' Give certificates please contact us.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 12:11
 +
| Do you have questions in THIS '''Spoken Tutorial?''' please visit this site choose the minute and second where you have the question.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 12:20
 +
|Explain your question briefly. Someone from our team will answer them.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 12:27
 +
| The Spoken Tutorial forum is for specific questions on this tutorial. Please do not post unrelated and general questions.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 12:36
 +
|This will help reduce the clutter. With less clutter, we can use these discussions as instructional material.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 12:44
 +
| For topics not covered in spoken tutorials, visit '''stack exchange''' at this address
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 12:50
 +
| This is a great place to get answers on '''LaTeX'''.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 12:53
 +
|You may also have questions on our workshops, certificates, etc.  For this, get in touch with us at this email address.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 13:03
 +
| '''Spoken Tutorial''' project is funded by NMEICT, MHRD, Government of India.
 +
 +
|-
 +
| 13:09
 +
| Thanks for joining Goodbye.
 +
 +
|}

Revision as of 15:46, 12 August 2016

Time
Narration
00:01 Welcome to this spoken tutorial on Mathematical Typesetting in LaTeX.
00:06 My name is Kannan Moudgalya.
00:08 A reminder: we should call it LaTeX and not latex.
00:15 In this tutorial, we will learn how to create mathematical symbols in LaTeX.
00:20 In particular, How to get into and leave from the mathematical mode. The role of spaces and creating them
00:29 Mathematical symbols
00:31 Finally, A M S math package and its use in creating matrices
00:37 I am creating this tutorial on our less than 10,000 Rupee laptop.
00:43 I am using Ubuntu, TeXworks, and LaTeX.
00:47 The prerequisites are the following. Basic spoken tutorials on LaTeX.
00:53 Exposure to the side-by-side tutorial.
00:56 All are available from our website.
01:00 I shall use the file maths.tex
01:04 It is available as a code file, in our web page, where you found this tutorial
01:11 In the same location, you will find this pdf file from the TeX user group, India
01:17 We shall use it when we do assignments
01:20 Let me go to the ‘TeXworks’ window.
01:24 I have already opened the file maths.tex.
01:27 Please download this file and practise along with me.
01:32 We have already seen the commands that are at the top of this file.
01:36 This command removes the paragraph indent.
01:42 We will study the effect of this statement through an assignment.
01:47 Let us start with Greek symbols that are used in mathematics.
01:52 We use dollar sign to get into mathematical mode in LaTeX.
01:57 Let us begin with alpha We write dollar back slash alpha dollar.
02:06 Let us compile and see that we get the Greek letter alpha in the pdf.
02:15 The first dollar says that we are getting into the mathematical mode.
02:20 The second dollar says that we are leaving this mode.
02:24 From now on, I will not explicitly mention dollar or the back slash.
02:30 But you have to do exactly what you see on the screen.
02:34 Similarly we write beta, gamma, and delta. Let us compile
02:50 I did not save the tex file, as TeXworks does it automatically.
02:56 Let us delete these.
03:00 We will next take up the concept of spaces in mathematical expressions.
03:05 How do we generate alpha a? That is, the product of alpha and a
03:12 Let us try alpha a.
03:17 Let me compile.
03:21 LaTeX complains that alpha a is an undefined control sequence.
03:27 It says that it does not understand this command. Let me close this.
03:34 LaTeX handles this through a space after every command.
03:39 Let us leave a space after alpha.
03:44 Let us abort the compilation. Lets recompile this has solved the problem.
03:52 As it is used to terminate a command, the space does not appear in pdf.
03:57 What do we do if we WANT to introduce spaces in the output?
04:03 We have to explicitly tell LaTeX, as we do now.
04:07 Let us ask LaTeX to start a new line.
04:11 Let us write alpha backslash space a.
04:17 Compile it.
04:20 This has created a space.
04:23 If you want more space, use quad, as we do now
04:31 Compile it.
04:34 You can see that quad has left a large space.
04:40 We will now move to another topic.
04:43 Let us delete the last two lines. Let’s compile.
04:50 What happens to the font when we go from the text to the mathematical mode?
04:56 To understand this, let us write “Product of $\alpha and a is”
05:04 Compile.
05:07 You can see that the font of these two a's are different.
05:14 This is solved by writing this 'a' also inside dollar signs
05:25 Make Compile.
05:27 Now the fonts of these of two a’s are identical.
05:32 Not keeping the font of variables identical is a common mistake.
05:37 Let’s get rid of these.
05:40 Let’s compile.
05:43 Let us now discuss a rule for creating minus signs.
05:48 Suppose that we want to create minus alpha and compile
05:58 Let’s compile.
06:01 Notice that the minus sign appears as a small dash here.
06:07 Let us also copy, with the minus sign inside the dollar sign.
06:15 Let us compile again.
06:18 See the difference in the minus sign now. The second one is what we need, the dash is not to be used.
06:27 Not putting the minus sign within dollars is a common mistake made by beginners.
06:33 Let us delete all of these.
06:36 Next we would like to explain the 'frac' command that is used to create fractions.
06:43 frac a b. Lets compile
06:50 It generates 'a by b' the command 'frac' is terminated by a space it looks for two arguments.
07:00 The first character 'a' is taken as the first argument It becomes the numerator
07:07 The second character 'b' is taken as the second argument it becomes the denominator.
07:13 Notice that the size of a and b gets reduced automatically.
07:20 What do we do if we have longer characters?
07:24 What if we want to create ab by cd i want you to try this.
07:31 In LaTeX, the arguments longer than one character are enclosed by braces.
07:37 For example, let us put braces here.
07:41 When we compile this, we get the desired output.
07:47 All the entries within the braces are taken as a single argument.
07:52 As a result, one can enter any complicated expression within braces. Let us delete all of these.
08:01 Now we will look at subscripts and superscripts.
08:05 'x' underscore 'a' creates 'x sub a'.
08:14 The size of 'a' gets automatically reduced to an appropriate level.
08:19 What if we want to put ab as the subscript? you have to use braces. Try it yourself.
08:28 Superscripts are created by the caret or the up arrow symbol.
08:33 For example, if you want to create 'x' to the power 3, you will write: x up arrow 3.
08:43 We can also put subscripts and superscripts simultaneously.
08:48 Let us put x sub a superscript b let’s compile.
08:58 Once again, using braces, we can produce complicated subscripts and superscripts. Let me delete this.
09:08 Alright, next we will move onto Matrices.
09:12 The package a m s math has some matrix definitions that I like
09:19 Let us include it through the usepackage command.
09:26 The ampersand, that is the 'and' symbol, is used to separate the columns
09:31 Let us create a matrix now.
09:34 We write begin matrix a and b, end matrix don’t forget the dollar signs.
09:44 Compile and see the matrix, as expected.
09:49 Now suppose, we want to add a second row to this, we put two back slashes, meaning, go to the next line.
09:59 Suppose that we want three entries in the second row, say, c, d, e. Compile it and see the second row also included now.
10:11 Supposing we change matrix to pmatrix, at begin and end.
10:17 Compile and get this.
10:21 It is now time for you to start exploring. Let us go to the slides now.
10:28 Let us summarise what we learnt in this tutorial
10:31 Entering and leaving the mathematical mode. Using spaces and creating them
10:37 Fractions, subscripts and superscripts. Defining an argument with in braces
10:44 amsmath package to create matrices
10:48 Let me give some assignments.
10:51 This assignment is on spaces - large and small, please pause the video, read the slide and do the assignment.
11:01 This assignment is on fractions using braces
11:06 This assignment is on subscripts and superscripts.
11:11 Through this assignment, we shall learn a few more methods to create matrices.
11:17 This assignment is on creating more mathematical symbols
11:21 This is based on the TUG India LaTeX guide. Let us see that document now.
11:29 I already asked you to download this document from our web page.
11:34 You will reproduce some symbols given in this document.
11:39 You will try out more symbols through in the next assignment.
11:43 This assignment is also based on the TUG India document.
11:48 You will experiment with the paragraph indent in this assignment.
11:53 This brings us to the end of this tutorial.
11:56 This video summarises the Spoken Tutorial project.
12:00 If you do not have good bandwidth, you may download and watch it.
12:04 We conduct workshops using Spoken Tutorials. Give certificates please contact us.
12:11 Do you have questions in THIS Spoken Tutorial? please visit this site choose the minute and second where you have the question.
12:20 Explain your question briefly. Someone from our team will answer them.
12:27 The Spoken Tutorial forum is for specific questions on this tutorial. Please do not post unrelated and general questions.
12:36 This will help reduce the clutter. With less clutter, we can use these discussions as instructional material.
12:44 For topics not covered in spoken tutorials, visit stack exchange at this address
12:50 This is a great place to get answers on LaTeX.
12:53 You may also have questions on our workshops, certificates, etc. For this, get in touch with us at this email address.
13:03 Spoken Tutorial project is funded by NMEICT, MHRD, Government of India.
13:09 Thanks for joining Goodbye.

Contributors and Content Editors

PoojaMoolya, Pratik kamble, Sandhya.np14

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