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| − | ! <center>Time</center>
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| − | !<center>Narration</center>
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| − | | 00:01
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| − | | Welcome to this '''spoken tutorial''' on '''Mathematical Typesetting''' in '''LaTeX'''.
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| − | | 00:06
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| − | |My name is Kannan Moudgalya.
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| − | | A reminder: we should call it LaTeX and not latex.
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| − | | In this tutorial, we will learn how to create mathematical symbols in '''LaTeX'''.
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| − | | In particular, How to get into and leave from the mathematical mode the role of spaces and creating them Mathematical symbols
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| − | | 00:31
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| − | | Finally, '''A M S math package''' and its use in creating '''matrices'''
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| − | | 00:37
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| − | | I am creating this tutorial on our less than 10,000 Rupee laptop.
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| − | | 00:43
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| − | |I am using '''Ubuntu, TeXworks''', and '''LaTeX.'''
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| − | | The prerequisites are the following Basic spoken tutorials on '''LaTeX.'''
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| − | | Exposure to the '''side-by-side '''tutorial.
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| − | | 00:56
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| − | | All are available from our website.
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| − | | 01:00
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| − | | I shall use the file '''maths.tex'''
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| − | | 01:04
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| − | |It is available as a code file, in our web page, where you found this tutorial
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| − | | 01:10
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| − | |In the same location, you will find this '''pdf''' file from the '''TeX user group, India'''
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| − | | 01:17
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| − | | We shall use it when we do assignments
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| − | | 01:20
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| − | | Let me go to the '''‘TeXworks’''' window.
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| − | | 01:23
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| − | | Go to TeXworks, opened in 600x400, with maths.tex read in
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| − | | 01:25
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| − | | I have already opened the file '''maths.tex'''.
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| − | | 01:27
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| − | |Please download this file and practise along with me.
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| − | | 01:32
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| − | | We have already seen the commands that are at the top of this file.
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| − | | 01:36
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| − | |This command removes the paragraph indent.
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| − | | 01:42
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| − | |We will study the effect of this statement through an assignment.
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| − | |Let us start with Greek symbols that are used in mathematics.
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| − | | 01:52
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| − | | We use '''dollar''' sign to get into mathematical mode in '''LaTeX'''.
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| − | | 01:56
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| − | | Let us begin with '''alpha''' We write '''$ back slash alpha $'''.
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| − | | 02:06
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| − | | Let us compile and see that we get the Greek letter '''alpha''' in the '''pdf'''.
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| − | |The first dollar says that we are getting into the mathematical mode.
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| − | |The second dollar says that we are leaving this mode.
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| − | | 02:24
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| − | | From now on, I will not explicitly mention dollar or the back slash.
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| − | |02:29
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| − | |But you have to do exactly what you see on the screen.
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| − | | 02:34
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| − | | Similarly we write '''beta, gamma,''' and '''delta'''. That is compile
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| − | |02:50
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| − | |I did not save the '''tex''' file, as '''TeXworks''' does it automatically.
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| − | | 02:56
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| − | | Let us delete these.
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| − | | 03:00
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| − | | We will next take up the concept of spaces in mathematical expressions.
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| − | |03:05
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| − | |How do we generate '''alpha a'''? That is, the product of '''alpha''' and '''a''' Let us try '''alpha a'''.
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| − | | 03:17
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| − | |Let me compile.
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| − | |03:21
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| − | |'''LaTeX''' complains that '''alpha''' a is an undefined control sequence.
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| − | |03:27
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| − | |It says that it does not understand this command let me close this.
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| − | |03:34
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| − | |'''LaTeX''' handles this through a '''space''' after every command.
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| − | |03:39
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| − | |Let us leave a '''space''' after '''alpha'''.
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| − | |03:44
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| − | |Let us abort the compilation let us recompile this has solved the problem.
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| − | |03:52
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| − | |As it is used to terminate a command, the '''space''' does not appear in '''pdf'''.
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| − | | 03:57
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| − | | What do we do if we WANT to introduce '''spaces''' in the output?
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| − | |04:03
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| − | |We have to explicitly tell '''LaTeX''', as we do now.
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| − | |04:07
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| − | |Let us ask '''LaTeX''' to start a new line.
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| − | |04:11
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| − | |Let us write '''alpha backslash space a'''.
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| − | | 04:17
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| − | |Compile it.
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| − | |This has created a '''space'''.
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| − | | 04:23
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| − | |If you want more '''space''', use '''quad''', as we do now
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| − | |04:31
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| − | |Compile it.
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| − | |04:34
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| − | |You can see that '''quad''' has left a large '''space'''.
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| − | | 04:40
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| − | | We will now move to another topic.
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| − | |04:43
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| − | | Let us delete the last two lines let’s compile.
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| − | |04:50
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| − | |What happens to the font when we go from the text to the mathematical mode?
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| − | |04:56
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| − | |To understand this, let us write '''“Product of $\alpha and a is”''' Compile.
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| − | | You can see that the font of these two '''a''''s are different.
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| − | | This is solved by writing this ''''a'''' also inside '''dollar''' signs
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| − | |Make Compile.
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| − | | Now the fonts of these of two '''a'''’s are identical.
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| − | |05:32
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| − | |Not keeping the font of variables identical is a common mistake.
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| − | | 05:37
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| − | | Let’s get rid of these.
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| − | |05:40
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| − | |Let’s compile.
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| − | | Let us now discuss a rule for creating '''minus''' signs.
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| − | |Suppose that we want to create '''minus alpha''' and compile
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| − | |Let’s compile.
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| − | |06:01
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| − | |Notice that the minus sign appears as a small dash here.
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| − | | 06:07
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| − | | Let us also copy, with the '''minus''' sign inside the '''dollar''' sign.
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| − | |06:15
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| − | |Let us compile again.
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| − | | 06:18
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| − | | See the difference in the '''minus''' sign now the second one is what we need the dash is not to be used.
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| − | |06:27
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| − | |Not putting the '''minus''' sign within '''dollars''' is a common mistake made by beginners.
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| − | | 06:33
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| − | | Let us delete all of these.
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| − | | 06:36
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| − | | Next we would like to explain the ''''frac'''' command that is used to create fractions.
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| − | | \frac a b lets compile
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| − | |It generates ''''a by b'''' the command ''''frac'''' is terminated by a '''space''' it looks for two '''arguments'''.
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| − | |07:00
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| − | |The first character ''''a'''' is taken as the first '''argument''' It becomes the numerator
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| − | |07:07
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| − | |The second character ''''b'''' is taken as the second '''argument''' it becomes the denominator.
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| − | |07:13
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| − | |Notice that the size of '''a''' and '''b''' gets reduced automatically.
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| − | |07:19
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| − | |What do we do if we have longer characters?
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| − | | 07:24
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| − | | What if we want to create '''ab''' by '''cd''' i want you to try this.
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| − | | In '''LaTeX''', the '''arguments''' longer than one character are enclosed by braces.
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| − | |07:36
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| − | |For example, let us put braces here.
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| − | |When we compile THIS, we get the desired output.
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| − | |All the entries within the braces are taken as a single '''argument'''.
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| − | |As a result, one can enter any complicated expression within braces let us delete all of these.
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| − | | 08:01
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| − | | Now we will look at subscripts and superscripts.
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| − | |''''x' underscore 'a'''' creates ''''x sub a''''.
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| − | | The size of ''''a'''' gets automatically reduced to an appropriate level.
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| − | | 08:19
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| − | |What if we want to put '''ab''' as the subscript? you have to use braces try it yourself.
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| − | | Superscripts are created by the '''caret''' or the '''up arrow''' symbol.
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| − | |For example, if you want to create ''''x'''' to the power 3, you will write: '''x up arrow 3'''.
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| − | | 08:43
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| − | | We can also put subscripts and superscripts simultaneously.
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| − | | 08:48
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| − | |Let us put '''x sub a superscript b''' let’s compile.
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| − | | 08:58
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| − | |Once again, using braces, we can produce complicated subscripts and superscripts let me delete this.
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| − | | 09:08
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| − | | Alright, next we will move onto '''Matrices'''.
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| − | | 09:12
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| − | |The package '''a m s math''' has some '''matrix''' definitions that I like let us include it through the '''usepackage''' command.
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| − | | 09:26
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| − | | The '''ampersand''', that is the ''''and'''' symbol, is used to separate the columns leet us create a matrix now.
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| − | | 09:34
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| − | |We write '''begin matrix''' '''a''' and '''b''', '''end matrix''' don’t forget the '''dollar''' signs.
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| − | | Compile and see the matrix, as expected.
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| − | | 09:49
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| − | |Now suppose, we want to add a second row to this we put two '''back slash'''es, meaning, go to the next line.
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| − | | 09:59
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| − | |Suppose that we want three entries in the second row, say, '''c, d, e''' compile it and see the second row also included now.
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| − | | 10:11
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| − | |Supposing we change matrix to '''pmatrix''', at begin and end.
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| − | |Compile and get this.
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| − | | 10:21
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| − | |It is now time for YOU to start exploring let us go to the slides now.
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| − | | 10:28
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| − | | Let us summarise what we learnt in this tutorial entering and leaving the mathematical mode using spaces and creating them
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| − | | 10:37
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| − | |Fractions, subscripts and superscripts defining an argument with in braces '''amsmath''' package to create matrices
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| − | | 10:48
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| − | | Let me give some assignments.
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| − | | 10:51
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| − | | This assignment is on '''spaces''' - large and small please pause the video, read the slide and do the assignment.
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| − | | 11:01
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| − | | This assignment is on fractions using braces this assignment is on subscripts and superscripts.
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| − | | 11:11
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| − | | Through this assignment, we shall learn a few more methods to create matrices.
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| − | | 11:16
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| − | | This assignment is on creating more mathematical symbols this is based on the '''TUG India LaTeX''' guide.
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| − | | 11:26
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| − | |Let us see that document now.
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| − | | 11:28
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| − | |I already asked you to download this document from our web page.
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| − | | 11:34
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| − | |You will reproduce some symbols given in this document.
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| − | | 11:39
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| − | | You will try out more symbols through in the next assignment.
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| − | | 11:43
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| − | | This assignment is also based on the '''TUG India''' document.
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| − | | 11:48
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| − | | You will experiment with the paragraph indent in this assignment.
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| − | | 11:53
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| − | | This brings us to the end of this tutorial.
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| − | | 11:56
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| − | | This video summarises the '''Spoken Tutorial''' project.
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| − | | 12:00
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| − | |If you do not have good bandwidth, you may download and watch it.
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| − | | 12:05
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| − | | We conduct workshops using '''Spoken Tutorials.''' Give certificates please contact us.
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| − | | 12:11
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| − | | Do you have questions in THIS '''Spoken Tutorial?''' please visit this site choose the minute and second where you have the question.
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| − | | 12:20
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| − | |Explain your question briefly someone from our team will answer them.
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| − | | 12:27
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| − | | The Spoken Tutorial forum is for specific questions on this tutorial please do not post unrelated and general questions.
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| − | | 12:36
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| − | |This will help reduce the clutter with less clutter, we can use these discussions as instructional material.
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| − | | 12:43
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| − | | For topics not covered in spoken tutorials, visit '''stack exchange''' at this address this is a great place to get answers on '''LaTeX'''.
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| − | | 12:53
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| − | |You may also have questions on our workshops, certificates, etc for this, get in touch with us at this email address.
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| − | | 13:03
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| − | | '''Spoken Tutorial''' project is funded by NMEICT, MHRD, Government of India.
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| − | | 13:09
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| − | | Thanks for joining Goodbye.
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