BASH/C2/Logical-Operators/English

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Title of script: Logical Operators in Bash

Author: Lavitha pereira

Keywords: Video tutorial, Bash Shell, Logical AND, Logical OR, Logical NOT

Visual Cue
Narration
Display Slide Dear friends, Welcome to the Spoken tutorial on

Logical Operators in Bash

Display Slide In this tutorial, we will learn
  • Use ofLogical AND
  • Logical OR
  • Logical NOT
  • using a few examples
Display SlidePrerequisites To follow this tutorial you should have knowledge of
  • if-else statement,
  • command line arguments and
  • 'quotingin BASH.'

If not, for relevant tutorials, please visit our website, which is as shown.

Display Slide For this tutorial I am using
  • Ubuntu Linux 12.04 OS
  • GNU Bash version4.1.10

GNU Bash version4 or above is recommended for practice.

Display Slide

Logical Operators

Let us understand the use of' Logical operators.'
  • Logical operators are mainly used to control program flow
  • Logical operators helps to link two' expressions' orconditions
  • They can be a part of if, while,or some other control statements
Display Slide

Logical AND

Syntax:

[ $condition1 ] && [ $condition2 ]

[ $condition1 -a $condition2 ]

Let's see the syntax oflogical AND
  • Opening square bracket space dollar symbol condition1 space closing square bracket space ampersand ampersand space opening square bracket space dollar symbol condition2 space closing square bracket
  • Or we can use this syntax
  • Opening square bracket space dollar

symbol condition1 space hyphen a space dollar symbol condition2 space closing square bracket

  • Logical ANDreturns truewhen both condition1 andcondition2 aretrue
Let us see the syntax ofLogical OR
Display Slide

Logical OR

[ $condition1 ]

[ $condition2 ]

[ $condition1 -o $condition2 ]

Let us learn the usage of' Logical OR' andLogical AND using an example.
Open file

On Terminal>> Typegedit logical.sh>> PressEnter

I have already typed the code in a file namedlogical.sh.

Open theterminal by pressingctrl+alt+t keys simultaneousely on your keyboard.

Type:

gedit logical.sh &

press' Enter.'

Now type the code as shown here in your logical.sh file.

Let me explain the code now.
#!/bin/bash This is theshebang line.
read -p "Enter a Word : " string The' read command' reads one line of data from the' standard input.'

- (hyphen) p display theprompt.

string is a' variable' which stores the text entered by the user, during execution.

if [ -z "$string" ]; then Theif statement checks whether the entered string isempty.

- (hyphen) z checks whether length ofstring iszero

Type man teston terminal to explore various otherstring comparisons.
echo "Nothing was entered " Theecho statement will print a message if nothing was entered.
[Highlight]

elif "$string" == *"raj"* && "$string" == *"jit"* ; then

echo "$string contains both the words raj and jit"

If thestring is not empty, the program will move to the firstelif statement.

Here it checks whether the entered' string' contains both the words'raj'andjit.

If yes, then it echoes out a message.

Please note thatlogical AND is used here.

Hence, the message will be displayed only when both theconditions are satisfied.

[Highlight]


elif[[./"$string"%20==%20*"raj"*|"$string" == *"raj"*]]

[[./$string%20=%20*"jit"*|$string = *"jit"*]]; then


echo "$string contains word 'raj' or 'jit'"

else

echo "Sorry! entered word '$string' does not contain either 'raj' or 'jit'"

Lastly, we have the defaultelse statement.

When all the above statements are false, then this statement will be executed.

fi fi is the end of' multilevel if-else' loop.

Let us execute the program

On theterminal

>> Typechmod +x logical.sh>> PressEnter

>> Type./logical.sh>> PressEnter

Switch back to theterminal.

First make the file executable by typing-

chmod space plus x space logical dot sh

press' Enter'

Now typedot slash'logical.shand press Enter'

Highlight

The output

Enter a Word:

Highlight

Type:

jitinraj

jitinraj contains both the words raj and jit

The prompt displaysEnter a word:

I will enterjitinraj

The output is:

jitinraj contains both the words raj and jit

This means that the control was passed to the second statement.

And as both theconditions are satisfied, it displays the message.

Pressup arrow key>> go to./logical.sh>>

PressEnter

Now let us execute the script again.

Press the up arrow key.

Go to ./logical.sh and pressEnter

Highlight

Type:

abhijit

abijit contains word 'raj' or 'jit'

The prompt displaysEnter a word:

This time I will enterabhijit.

The output is:

abhijit contains word 'raj' or 'jit'.

Please try executing the program with different inputs and observe the output.
Let's switch back to our slides.
Display Slide

Logical NOT

Let's have a look at logical NOT operator.
  • It inverts theboolean value of an expression.
  • Which means, it returnstrue if the expression isfalse
  • and returnsfalse if the expression istrue
Display Slide

Logical NOT

Syntax

[ ! expression ]

[ ! expression ]

The syntax of logical NOT operator is
  • Exclamation mark spaceexpression

Or

  • Opening square bracket space exclamation mark space expression space closing square bracket
Let us see an example.
Open file

OnTerminal>> Typegedit logicalNOT.sh

>> PressEnter

I have already typed the code in a file.

So, I will go to the terminal and typegedit

logicalNOT.sh space ampersand sign

Press' Enter.'

Now type the code as shown here in yourlogicalNOT.sh file.
#!/bin/bash This is the shebang line, as we already know.
[Highlight]

if [ ! -f "$1" ]; then

$1 is the first command line argument passed to the script.

- (hyphen) f checks if the file exists with the same name that was passed as anargument.

So, it will return true if the file exists and false if it does not exist.

Point to the NOT operator with cursor. ThisNOT operator here inverses the returned value.

Which means, if a file of that name exists, the conditon will betrue.

But the NOT operator will inverse its value tofalse.

echo "File $1 does not exist" And it will display the message

FILE does not exist

else

echo "File $1 exist"

And here in the else statement, it displays the message

FILE exists

fi fi marks the end ofif loop.
On theterminal

touch test.txt

Switch to theterminal. Let me clear the prompt.

Let's create an empty file with the nametest.txt

So, type :

touch space test dot txt

>> Typechmod +x logicalNOT.sh>> PressEnter

>> Type./logicalNOT.sh test.txt>> PressEnter

Next, make the script executable by typing:

chmod space plus x space logicalNOT dot sh

Now type'dot slash logical.sh space test.txtand press Enter.'

Point to test.txt in the previous command Our shell script will check whether the file exists.

Our file'test.txtexists ; hence the value will be' true.'

Then thelogical NOT will inverse that value and returnfalse.

Because the evaluation isfalse, theelse statement is evaluated.

Show Output

File 'test.txt' exists

And the message displayed is -

File 'test.txt' exists

Try executing the program again with argumenttest1.txt


And observe the control flow, as explained before.

Display Slide

Summary

Come back to our slides. Let us summarize.

In this tutorial we learnt the usage of,

  • logical AND
  • logical OR and
  • logical NOT
Display Slide

Assignment

Check whether
  • a file exists and is executable
  • using the logical operators
  • explained in this tutorial
  • (Hint:man test)
Display Slide Watch the video available at the link shown below

It summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project

If you do not have good bandwidth, you can download and watch it

Display Slide

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Display Slide

Acknowledgement

Spoken Tutorial Project is a part of the Talk to a Teacher project

It is supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT, MHRD, Government of India

More information on this Mission is available at:http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro

Display Slide The script has been contributed by FOSSEE and spoken-tutorial team

This is Ashwini from IIT Bombay.

Thank you for joining.

Contributors and Content Editors

Ashwini, Nancyvarkey